A brief history of Punch & Judy puppet shows (2025)

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Lawless, violent and full of mischief, Punch the puppet has been both loved and loathed by Londoners since the 17th century.

He’s the controversial star of Punch and Judy, a traditional puppet show that was once a familiar sight on London’s streets. The shows were first performed using marionettes, puppets worked by strings, before puppeteers turned to glove puppets. Punch and Judy were also joined by a rotating cast of characters as the years rolled on.

But the storylines have remained roughly the same. Punch, that squeaky-voiced clown, fights and deceives whoever crosses his path. Including his wife. And their baby.

This English entertainment icon actually has roots in commedia dell’arte, a form of 17th-century Italian comic theatre that featured masked characters. Punch comes from Pulcinella (or Pulcinello), a disobedient rascal recognised by his squeaky voice and hunched back. He was brought over to London by Italian puppeteers as early as the 1660s.

The first record of a Punch and Judy-style puppet show in England comes from diarist Samuel Pepys in 1662. He recorded seeing an “Italian puppet play” in London’s Covent Garden on 9 May. “The best that I ever saw,” he wrote, “and a great resort of gallants.”

Into the 1700s, Punch was part of fashionable marionette puppet shows across the country. He featured in famous puppeteer Martin Powell’s shows in theatres set up in and around Covent Garden. Punch’s wife, then called Joan, was also a well-known character.

By the 1800s, Punch was no longer operated by strings. He was a glove puppet.

The rise of cinema, variety theatre and television over the 20th century drew audiences away from puppet shows. But they never completely disappeared. The famous Percy Press successfully performed Punch and Judy on London’s streets from 1935 to 1980. Puppets from his show at the 1951 Festival of Britain are in our collection.

People have also questioned if Punch and Judy shows are too violent and immoral since at least the 1740s. Crowds would laugh and boo while Punch beat his wife and their baby. The shows still feature in fairs and festivals and at the seaside today. Do they glorify domestic violence? The debate goes on.